Vol. 11, Special Issue 11 (2022)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem because there is a paucity of antibiotics available now a day to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans and animals. Detection of AMR present in bacteria that may pose a threat to veterinary and public health and routinely detected by using standardized phenotypic methods. Technologies such as next-generation sequencing are expanding abilities to detect and study antimicrobial resistance. This Review provides a detailed overview of antimicrobial resistance identification and characterization methods from traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing to recent deep-learning methods and focusing on sequencing-based resistance discovery and various tools and databases used in antimicrobial resistance studies.