Vol. 10, Special Issue 7 (2021)

Author(s):
Sandeep Kumar Bangarwa, Balwan, Kanti Lal Solanki, Manoj Choudhary and Mahendra Kumar Choudhary

Abstract:
Genetic markers are useful in identification of various genetic variations. Genetic markers are one of the advances which have occured in the genomics era. Molecular markers are used to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding programs. Among genetic markers, molecular markers mainly because of their abundance, are the most widely used them. The development of DNA-based genetic markers has had a revolutionary impact on genetic studies. Some studies which were conducted during the last decade of the 20th century reported numerous DNA markers that have been utilized in plant breeding programs. With DNA markers, it is theoretically possible to observe and exploit genetic variation in the entire genome. These markers can be used to study the evolutionary relationships among individuals, construction of linkage maps, assessing the genetic variations within cultivars and germplasms. Popular genetic markers include allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP, and EST markers. This review focuses on different types of markers and their importance and uses of genetic markers with advent of modern technologies.