Vol. 14, Issue 10 (2025)

Author(s):
Vivek Kumar Saini, Kanchesh, Raj Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Ravikant Verma and Dalip Kumar

Abstract:
Earthworms, belonging to the phylum Annelida and class Oligochaeta, break down organic matter, enhance soil structure, and contribute to soil aeration and nutrient cycling. Moreover, they contribute directly and indirectly to soil fertility, organic waste management, and agricultural sustainability. Earthworm casts are rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and plant growth-promoting substances, including vitamins and hormones, which benefit plant growth and microbial activity in the soil. Earthworms are involved in vermiculture (the use of earthworms for waste processing) and vermicomposting (converting organic waste into nutrient-rich compost). This process is eco-friendly, reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers and improving soil health by providing essential nutrients, enzymes, and growth hormones. Earthworms also play a crucial role in breaking down organic materials, including crop residues, sewage sludge, and industrial waste. The reproductive biology of earthworms is diverse, with many species capable of self-fertilization and rapid biomass production. The abundance of earthworms is influenced by factors such as soil temperature, moisture, pH, and organic matter content. Different earthworm species, such as Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae, are widely used in vermiculture for waste management and soil improvement. Earthworms also positively affect crop yield by increasing soil fertility and reducing disease severity in plants. In addition to their agricultural role, earthworms are being explored for use in animal feed, protein supplements, and medicinal purposes due to their nutritional and bioactive properties. In summary, earthworms play a crucial role in maintaining soil health, managing organic waste, and promoting sustainable agriculture, thereby contributing to plant growth, soil fertility, and overall ecosystem balance.