Vol. 11, Issue 7 (2022)

Author(s):
Shashi Bharti, RP Singh and Nripendra Singh

Abstract:
Bones are rigid structures that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates and exert important functions in the body, such as locomotion, support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage and harboring of bone marrow. Bone is derived by direct connective tissue origin or by partial replacement of previously formed cartilage. Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodeling in response to the ever-changing environment. During life bones adapts changing environments like biomechanical forces, as well as remodeling to remove old, micro damaged bone and replace it with new, mechanically stronger bone to preserve bone strength. Bones can react and respond to environmental stimuli, they can strengthen themselves when needed and when broken or fractured. They are among the few organs with the ability to regenerate without scar. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone matrix synthesis and its subsequent mineralization. Osteocytes act as mechanosensors, instructing osteoclasts where and when to resorb bone and osteoblasts where and when to form it. Bone remodeling is a lifelong process to replace and reshape bone, which involves coupled activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts to resorb and form bone at the simultaneous site. The bone is a dynamic, living tissue which form supporting framework of the body characterized by its rigidity, hardness, power of regeneration and repair.