Review paper: Extension approaches in agriculture and their role in farmer development
Author(s):
Deepak Kumar Shrivastava
Abstract:
Agricultural extension plays a crucial role in transferring scientific knowledge to farmers, enabling innovation, and improving livelihoods. Over time, various extension approaches have evolved — from top-down technology transfer models to participatory, farmer-led, and ICT-based systems. This review paper examines key agricultural extension approaches, their characteristics, strengths, and limitations. It also highlights how modern extension systems integrate participatory learning, digital tools, and public-private partnerships to make extension more inclusive and effective. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening extension services for sustainable agricultural development.
How to cite this article:
Deepak Kumar Shrivastava. Review paper: Extension approaches in agriculture and their role in farmer development. Pharma Innovation 2012;1(10):107-109.
